Paper Explores When a General Factor Is Statistically Distinguishable
A new arXiv paper argues that whether an extra general dimension is needed beyond correlated first-order factors depends on the population covariance structure rather than on the estimator chosen. The authors show that a bifactor model is covariance-equivalent to a correlated-factors model under certain loading conditions, and they examine non-proportionality and structural stability as criteria. The work offers guidance for deciding when bifactor specifications are warranted.